Experimental Study on Hydraulic Jumps over Rough and Sloped Beds
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70028/sgm.v2i2.63Keywords:
Hydraulic Jump, Sequent Depth Ratio, Energy Dissipation, Channel Slope, Bed RoughnessAbstract
Hydraulic jumps are also a fundamental process of energy dissipation in open-channel systems, but their nature of operation is very sensitive to the effects of the boundary conditions, such as the inclination of a channel and its roughness. Even though the effect of slope and roughness separately has been well studied, the interaction between the two has not been well outlined, particularly in high-Froude-number regimes. This study experimentally investigates how slope direction and bed roughness interact to control sequent depth ratio (y₂/y₁) and energy dissipation in hydraulic jumps over a Froude number range of approximately 5–10. Experiments were conducted in a 3.66-m glass flume with adjustable slopes (±1°, ±2°, ±2.5°) and two bed conditions: smooth
and rough, the latter formed using angular stone chips representing a hydraulically rough regime. The depth of upstream and downstream flow discharge, as well as specific energy, was measured by calibrated ultrasonic sensors and flow meters, and each experiment was repeated to ensure the statistical strength. The findings reveal a strong asymmetry in the behavior of hydraulic jump. Positive slopes, which increase the force of action of gravity, produced even greater sequent depths and even reduced energy losses; smooth beds increased this tendency, and the greatest depth increments downstream were gained. On the other hand, negative slopes significantly reduced y₂/y₁ and dramatically increased energy dissipation, which was most pronounced on the rough
beds because of the increased turbulence and resistance to flow. Within the sum of the conditions, smooth beds always yielded better sequent depths, but rough beds allowed dissipation to take place. The results add new empirical evidence on the slope roughness interaction and provide practical advice on hydraulic engineering: smooth, positive slope can be used in channels that
require constant depth, and rough, adverse slope can be used best in stilling basins, spillway aprons, and other high-energy dissipation structures.
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